知识详解
① congratulation n． 祝贺；祝贺词(常用复数)
(回归课本P43)When Yang landed，Premier Wen Jiabao telephoned the Control Centre to offer his congratulations.
当杨利伟着陆的时候，温家宝总理打电话到控制中心表示祝贺。
【归纳总结】
(1)congratulations！祝贺！恭喜！
offer/send one’s congratulations to sb.on sth.
为某事向某人祝贺……
(2)congratulate v.祝贺
congratulate sb.on(doing)sth.向某人祝贺……
congratulate oneself on...暗自庆幸……
【例句探源】
① We offered Mr.Wang our congratulations on his success in business.我们祝贺王先生生意兴隆。
② You are admitted to Beijing University.Congratulations!
你被北京大学录取了。恭喜！
③We congratulated our monitor on being elected chairman of the Students’ Union.
我们祝贺我们的班长被选为学生会主席。
congratulate，celebrate
(1)congratulate指对某人取得的成就或喜庆之事表示“庆贺，祝贺”，其宾语是“人”，常与介词on搭配。
(2)celebrate指对某一节日、生日、胜利和成功等的“庆祝”，其宾语是物。
①We congratulated_him on having passed the examination.
②We not only congratulated him on having passed the interview but also held a party to celebrate it.
【易混辨析】
1．(高考山东卷)?John and I will celebrate our fortieth wedding anniversary next month.
?Oh，________！
A．cheer up B．well done
C．go ahead D．congratulations
解析：选D。此题考查交际用语。句意是：“我和约翰下个月将庆祝我们结婚四十周年。”“噢，恭喜！恭喜！”cheer up打起精神来；well done做得好；go ahead开始吧；congratulations祝贺；恭喜。
【即境活用】
2.The two sportsmen congratulated each other________winning the match by shaking hands.
A．with B．on
C．in D．to
解析：选B。each other 作congratulated的宾语，后面要接on sth.表示“祝贺”的原因。
② replace vt. 把……放回(原处)；取代，以……代替；更新
(回归课本P44)In the second sentence，the word when can be replaced with at the time that.
在第二个句子中，when可以用at the time that代替。
【归纳总结】
replace...with/by...用……代替……
take the place of＝take sb，s place代替某人
instead of 代替；作为……的替换
in place of代替
① I don’t think that robots can be in place of human beings.
我认为机器人不会取代人类。
② They’re replacing the old windows with double glazing.
他们正在用双层玻璃窗替换旧窗户。
③He replaced the book on the shelf.
他把书放回架子上。
④Teachers will never be replaced by computers in the classroom.
课堂上电脑永远不会取代老师。
【例句探源】
【即境活用】
3.John is ill and has been________ by Tom in our team in tomorrow’s football match.
A．replaced B．recovered
C．realized D．reduced
解析：选A。replace“接替，替换”；recover“恢复”；realize“认识到”；reduce“减少”。
4．Many substances are being used ________certain naturally occurring materials.
A．at the place of B．in place
C．in place of D．in a place of
解析：选C。此处根据句意用in place of表示“代替”的意思。
③ delighted adj. 高兴的，快乐的
(回归课本P45)．..I am delighted to be here .
……我很高兴来到这里。
【归纳总结】
delight v.愉快n.高兴，(快乐)的事
be delighted at/with/by sth.为某事高兴
be delighted to do sth./that?clause很高兴做某事
to one’s delight 令某人高兴的是……
delight in (doing) sth.以(做)某事为乐
① I’d be absolutely delighted to come.
我非常乐意前来。
②Tom was delighted at the sensation he was creating.
汤姆对他制造出来的轰动效应感到高兴。
③To his great delight, his novel was accepted for publication.
使他极为高兴的是，他的小说被批准出版了。
④(朗文P533)My dad took delight in calling me “The Big Ox” when I started growing taller than the other girls.
我个子长得超过其他女孩子的时候，我的爸爸就以叫我“大公牛”来取乐。
【例句探源】
【即境活用】
5.What ________them most was the________things in store for them.
A．delighted；delightful
B．delightful；delighted
C．delighted；delighted
D．delightful；delightful
解析：选A。第一个空是主语从句的谓语动词，表示“使……高兴”；第二个空是形容词“令人高兴的”，修饰things，故选A。
6．________with what he had done ，the public thought highly of him.
A．Delight B．Delighting
C．Delighted D．Being delighting
解析：选C。be delighted with“对……感到高兴”。delighted为过去分词作状语。句意：人们对他所做的事情感到高兴，并对他给予了高度评价。
④ produce v． 创作；生产，制造；出产；引起，产生
n． 产品，(尤指)农产品
(回归课本P49)In the United States，newspapers usually have the name of the city where they are produced.
在美国，报纸通常以它们的出版城市命名。
【归纳总结】
production n. 生产，产量
produce sth.生产某物；引起某事；创作出某物等agricultural produce 农产品
the production of...……的产量
①His announcement produced gasps of amazement.
他宣布的消息引起了一片惊叹声。
②In this play Eliot produces some of his most expressive poetry.
在这个剧本中艾略特创作了他最具表现力的一些诗歌。
③New medicines are producing remarkable results in the treatment of cancer.
新的药物在治疗癌症方面正产生着显著的效果。
【例句探源】
produce，production，product
(1)produce作“产品，产物”解时，主要指农产品，为不可数名词。
(2)production作“产品”解时，主要指文学艺术作品；此外还可用于指“生产、制造的行为”或“产量”。
(3)product作“产品”解时，多指用于出售的工业产品；此外，还可指“自然产物或生产过程中的产物”。
【易混辨析】
①We need to increase the production of computers.
②The country’s main products are timber，coal and sugar.
③The factory produces an incredible 100 cars per hour.
④The shop sells only fresh local produce.
⑤in total 合计，共计，总共
(回归课本P43)In total, these astronauts have spent more than 26,000 days in space.
这些宇航员总共在太空待的时间已经超过了26,000天。
【归纳总结】
total n.总数，总量，总额adj.完全的，彻底的，全部的v.总数为，总共达，共计,total up (to)合计，总数达到,a total of 总数为……,in all 总计，总共,altogether总计
① The visitors totalled up to 8,000 a day.
一天的游客数量总共达8,000人。
②There were probably about 40 people there in total.
那里总共可能有40人左右。
③(朗文P2182) A total of thirty neighbourhood meeting were conducted to discuss the issue.
总共举行了30次居委会会议来讨论这一问题。
④It is reported that more than six thousand people worldwide have died from H1N1 in total.
据报道，世界上共有6,000多人死于甲流。
【例句探源】
7．句型转换
(1)They were jailed for thirty years in total.
They were jailed for__________ thirty years.
解析：本句意为“他们在监狱里总共被关了三十年。”
答案：a total of
(2)It’s like learning a completely new language.
It’s like learning a__________new language.
解析：completely＝totally表示“完全地，整个地”。本句意为“这就好像在学一种全新的语言。”
答案：totally
【即境活用】
(3)There were probably about 40 people there in all.
There were probably about 40 people there __________.
解析：in all＝in total 表示“总共；总计”。本句意为“那里总共可能有四十人左右。”
答案：in total
⑥ believe in 相信；信任；信仰
(回归课本P48) You don’t believe in aliens， do you?
你不相信有外星人，对吗？
【归纳总结】
believe it or not 信不信由你
I believe so/not.我相信/不相信。
trust in相信
【例句探源】
①Do you believe in China’s traditional herbal medicine?
你相信中国传统的中草药吗？
②(朗文P160)He believes in democracy.他相信民主。
③The Inuit believe in animal spirits.
因纽特人相信动物有灵魂。
④Believe it or not, there is no such things as standard English.
信不信由你，其实根本没有所谓的标准英语。
believe in，believe
(1)believe in“信任；信仰”，多指品德上的相信。
(2)believe表示相信某人的话、相信某事等，believe sb.＝believe what sb.says“相信某人的话”。
①I believe_in you，so I believe what you said.
②I don’t _believe that everyone believes_in God.
【易混辨析】
8.As is known to all，he is honest.That’s why I ________him all the time.But I don’t ________what he told me this time.
A．believe；believe B．believe in；believe
C．believe in；believe in D．believe；believe in
解析：选B。believe“相信(某人所说的话)”；believe in“依赖，信任”。
【即境活用】
9. (高考安徽卷)I’m amazed to hear from my school teacher again.________，it is ten years since we met last.
A．In a word B．What’s more
C．That’s to say D．Believe it or not
解析：选D。句意：又一次收到我学校老师的信使我很吃惊。和下句：自从上次我们见面到现在已经10年了。可知道选D，信不信由你。
句型梳理
① 【教材原句】 Now that I have made this first visit, I hope I can come many more times.(P45)
既然我开始了第一次访问，我希望能够多来几次。
【句法分析】 now that 表示“既然”，相当于since，在此引导原因状语从句，其中that 可以省去。
①Now(that) you don’t understand it，why not ask for help?
既然你不明白，为什么不请求帮忙呢？
②(朗文P1400)I’m going to relax now that the school year is over.
既然本学年已经结束了，我可要放松一下了。
③Now the weather is fine，let’s go for a ride.
既然天气好，我们去开车兜一兜风吧。
10．?Have you got any idea for the summer vacation?
?I don’t mind where we go ________there’s sun，sea and beach.
A．as if B．as long as
C．now that D．in order that
解析：选B。句意：??暑假有什么打算？??去什么地方都行，只要有阳光、大海和沙滩就可以了。as long as只要，引导条件状语从句；as if 好像；now that 既然；in order that为了，不符合语境要求。
【即境活用】
11.?________you like the car so much，why not drive it back?
?Well，I can’t afford________car.
A．Since；that a big
B．Now that；that big a
C．So long as；a that big
D．When；a big that
解析：选B。句意：??既然你那么喜欢那辆车，为什么不把它开回家呢？??恩，我买不起那么大的车。now that 既然，that big中，that相当于so。故选B。
② 【教材原句】 Amateur astronomer David Bates was looking at the moon through his telescope last night when he got a big surprise.(P45)
昨晚天文爱好者David Bates 在用望远镜观看月球，突然，他大吃一惊。
【句法分析】 when 在此处为并列连词，意为“当时突然”，强调另一个动作的突然发生。常用于下列句式：
sb.be doing sth.when...
sb.be about to do sth.when...
sb.be going to do sth.when...
sb.had/have/has just done sth.when...
①I was walking along the river when I heard a drowning boy crying for help.
我正沿着河边走，突然听到了一个溺水儿童的呼救声。
②I was about to leave when it began to snow.
我正准备离开这时天突然下起雪来。
③He was going to run away when the police came.
他正准备逃跑，这时忽然警察来了。
12．(高考全国卷Ⅱ) Tom was about to close the window __________his attention was caught by a bird.
A．when B．if
C．and D．till
解析：选A。句意：汤姆正要关上窗户，就在这时一只鸟引起了他的注意。在句式“...be about to do when...”中，when 作并列连词，相当于and at that time，句中was about to do为标志词，故答案为A项。
【即境活用】
13.(高考福建卷)She had just finished her homework __________her mother asked her to practise playing the piano yesterday.
A．when B．while
C．after D．since
解析：选A。考查连词。句意：昨天她刚一做完家庭作业，她妈妈就让她去练钢琴。when 在这里的意思是“一……就；刚……就”。
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